Multi-Genre Paper about Cars
Posted on: August 14, 2010
Introduction
Around 1672 Ferdinand Verbiest designed a 65 cm-long steam-powered vehicle for the Chinese Emperor Chien Lung, but no one knows if his model was ever built. It is believed that this model was possibly powered by a mechanism like Hero’s steam engine, a spinning wheel with jets on the periphery. This engine consisted in a sphere or cylinder arranged to obtain a rotational motion in a fixed axis, with curved nozzles in opposite directions. When the pressure inside the sphere was increased by the steam, the vapor is expulsed by the nozzles creating a couple or a torque. The following video presents clearly how this invention works.
In fact Thomas Newcomen create the first engine that had a cylinder and a piston. In 1752 a human-pedalled four-wheeled was constructed by a Russian named Leonty Shamsherenkov who later on proposed to equip it with odometer. Later on was developed the first pressurized steam engine by James Watt in 1765, it results more efficient than Newcomen’s engine.
In 1769 the first vehicle to move under its own power was designed by Nicholas Joseph Cugnot and constructed by M. Brezin. In Paris is displayed at the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers a replica of this vehicle. In 1789 was granted to Oliver Evans the first automobile in the United States. Evans demonstrated in 1805 that his steam-powered vehicle was able to travel on road wheels on land and via paddle wheel in the water.
After this in 1806, the first cars with internal combustion engines working with fuel gas appear which led to the modern gasoline combustion engine. The process of combustion consists in four steps. The first step is known as Intake stroke, it is when the piston descends from the top of the cylinder to the bottom, as result it reduces the pressure inside the cylinder. The atmospheric pressure forced a mixture of fuel and air into the cylinder through the intake port. The intake valve(s) then close. The second step is known as Compression stroke, it is when the piston returns to the top of the cylinder compressing the fuel-air mixture. The third step of combustion is known as Power stroke, the compressed air-fuel mixture is ignited, usually by the spark plug or by the heat and compression, while the piston is close to Top Dead Center. The resulting massive pressure from the combustion drives the piston back down toward bottom dead center with enormous force. Is the main source of the engine’s torque and Power. The fourth and final step is known as Exhaust stroke, once again the piston returns to top dead center while the exhaust valve is open. In this process the products of combustion are pushed out with the spent of fuel-air mixture of the cylinder through the exhaust valve(s).
Not only the gasoline engine cars appeared, also the electrical cars in the 20th century, but disappeared in the 21st century when no one was interest in zero emissions. Sometime later, a French company called Panhard et Levassor, started his own production and sale of vehicles. In 1892, Henry Ford produced his first Ford in North America.
The British took a little more in relation to other European countries due to the law of the Red Banner (1862). This required the vehicle carried only one person in front of him, holding a red flag as a warning. The Lanchester was the first English car and, after him, others came as Subean, Swift, Humber, Riley, Singer, Lagonda and.
In the year 1904, came the first Rolls Royce with a radiator. Europe followed with their fleet of cars: the France (De Dion Bouton, Berliet, Rapid), Italy (Fiat, Alfa-Romeo), Germany (Mercedes Benz), as Switzerland and Spain began a more powerful online luxury: the Hispano-Suiza.
After the First World War, manufacturers began a line of cheaper cars; the cars here would be more compact and manufactured in series. Both Henry Ford, the United States of America, as William Morris in England, produced models such as Ford, Morris and Austin. They had an impressive output of factories. Impressed with the result, then other factories began to produce vehicles in the same way.
In the case of Latin American countries, this development propelled came only after the Second World War. Already in the 30s, foreign factories, such as Ford and General Motors put their assembly lines in the country. But it was only in 1956, began assembling cars. First they manufactured trucks, vans, jeeps, vans and finally cars. This industry was started by the National Motor Factory, which was responsible for the production of heavy trucks.
Soon after, cars and trucks began to be manufactured: Volkswagen, Charger (Ford), Opal (Chevrolet), Terrace, Regent and Dart (Chrysler). All these vehicles, although assembled in Brazil, were designed in the European headquarters and U.S., using the majority of parts and equipment imported.
Unlike the past, today the car has features such as comfort and speed, and is much more quiet and safe. Now days, the cars have gone through many changes, and these, becoming increasingly coveted by many consumers. The entire manufacturing process creates millions of jobs worldwide and billions of dollars, generating profits for multinational companies that manufacture them.
Work Cited
Bottorff, William W. “What Was The First Car?” Austin Business Computers, Inc. 11 Aug 2010 <http://www.ausbcomp.com/~bbott/cars/carhist.htm>
Hero’s Steam Engine. 2007. 12 Aug 2010 <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6PYlFlyNg_w>
“History of the automobile.” Wikipedia Encyclopedia. 7 Aug 2010. En.Wikipedia.org. 11 Aug 2010. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_automobile>
Prologue
Dear Reader
When I started to think for a theme for my project I realize that my topic has to be one that symbolizes an important key in World’s development. Initially I chose a topic that wasn’t related to cars. But something occurs that change my mind.
In my forced “vacations” during the strike, I had the opportunity to participate in a car engine change. It was a grateful experience because I had learned a lot about some parts of the engine and their functions. Since that day I transformed in a car fan and I wanted to know deeply about its composition. That’s the reason why I chose this topic. Automobiles have been an useful way of transportation and represents an important tool in the humanity. As an engineering student I always has been interested on how everything works, especially machines.
This multi-genre paper will let you get informed about how this vital machine was originated. Also it included a photo gallery album of my favorite cars and collage with pictures since older cars until newest. One of my genres presents in a colorful way some countries with their respective car marks. If you know about cars you can test how much you know by the Quiz provided in one of the genres. Finally I think that this paper will let appreciate the tough work for the creation of automobiles and its constant evolution in a diverse ways.
The Annotated Bibliography
Markoof, John. “Car’s Computer Systems Called at Risk to Hackers” New York Times on the Web 13 May 2010. 12 Aug 2010<http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/14/science/14hack.html?_r=1&ref=automobile_technology>
This article is about a group of scientists that discovered that the technology of the computer system of a car is at risk because as these systems advances with the internet technology they are more at risks because of the hackers that they will be able to control the car like if they were hacking another computer. They can be able to control a group of functions in the car that includes stopping the engine, breaking it or even break an individual tire to make it turn. This is a big problem for the manufacturers because the customers who will buy their products are at risk to these hackers.
Ransom, Kevin. “Not All Horsepower Addicts Are Men.” Aol Autos (2010) 11 Aug 2010 <http://autos.aol.com/article/women-love-muscle-cars/>
In this article it is exposed an interesting point of view. It shows that not only men, also women could be passionate with speedy cars. The author of this article supports this idea by giving the experiences of two women that make this exception. It includes part of an interview made to hers and how since childhood they notice their interest in high-speed and the opportunities that they had to participate in important races.
Staff Writers Shangai. “China to invest 15 billion dollars in green cars” Space Daily. 4 Aug 2010. 12 Aug 2010<http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/China_to_invest_15_ billion_dollars_in_green_cars_999.html>
China will invest billions to make saving –energy cars. They have in plans to become one of the best sellers in this type of cars “green cars” because this type of car reduces the emissions in the atmosphere making it cleaner for their country. They wait that next moth the council will approve this projects so they can start their production. They also will give a reduction in prices so it can be beneficial to the clients and at the same time will attract more people to buy them.
Swanson, Fisher. “How to Save Gas.” Sport Cars. 12 Aug 2010 <http://www.2sportscars.com/savegas.shtml>
This article is based on recommendations, tips or advices that we could follow if the price of the gasoline rise or if you want to save it. It presents eighteen easy possibilities that could help to save this important fluid. You can use one or more of these tips, to make this strategy more effective. Also when you save gas you also are saving money. Today’s economy is on crisis and this article could be very helpful now days.
Welch, David and Clothier, Mark. “The Combustion Engine Gets Downsized.” Business week 29 Jul 2010. 11 Aug 2010.<http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/10_32/ b4190036463034.htm?chan=autos_autos+–+lifestyle+subindex+page_top+stories>
The Idea of this project is to develop a new design of an engine called OPAC that works by having two horizontal pistons in each horizontal cylinder. This idea was made by John Colleti an ex engineer of the Ford Company. He gave the idea to Vinod Khosla co-founder of Sun Microsystems who wanted an advice on a new engine technology in which he was considering investing because the design would deliver a promised 50 percent improvement in fuel economy. The main question is that they hope people and manufacturers will be comfortable with this type of engine because everyone is used to the common engine. But one advantage that it have is that is goanna be cheaper than current hybrid cars.
Multi-genres
Genre #1 Collage
Genre #2 Quiz
Quiz: How much you know about cars
Genre #3 Wanted Poster
Genre #4 Map with a legend
Genre #5 Photo gallery album
Epilogue
I really enjoy writing this paper in a new way. I didn’t like cars before, but writing this paper my interest in it increase. Now I can interpret the automobiles with a different point of view, like an useful creation for our wellbeing. Also when I saw pictures of different types and years of cars I clearly noticed amazing modifications. With this project I learned the origin of the construction of cars. Also I find some countries with their respective marks of cars, what I represent with a map in one of my genres, for an easier understanding. I hope that my project and the genres used in it enlarged the knowledge of my readers. This writing have the mission to inform the reader and I think that it have the enough tools to accomplish it.
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